The lymphatic system plays a key role in maintaining body fluid balance and supporting immune defenses. The lymphatic vessels are composed of a single layer of endothelial cells, which allows the transfer of fluids, cells and large molecules of the surrounding tissues in the vessels. These vessels must be highly permeable to efficiently absorb and transport the liquid, while they are flexible enough to resist sudden changes in the volume of tissue fluid, such as swelling, without rupture.
Cells that change shape
In a study published in the magazine NatureA research group led by Professor Taija Mäkinen, director of the Wihuri Research Institute, investigated how the thin layer of endothelial cells maintains its integrity into variable conditions of fluid pressure. The study found that the key factor is the ability of cells to continuously change their unique form.
“For a long time it is known that the endothelial cells of the lymphatic vessels resemble oak leaves or puzzle parts. However, the reason in this peculiar way has remained a mystery, and researchers have not been able to replicate it in cultivated cells,” says Mäkinen.
You can see a similar shape of puzzle -shaped puzzles in a completely different type of cell: on the surface of the plant leaves. In plants, this pattern helps cells to resist the internal pressure of the liquid, which is vital for plant growth and structural support.
The fact that cells similar to puzzle work similarly both in plants and mammals points to a fundamental biological principle: for organisms of various types, this distinctive cell form improves structural stability. The same principle has also been applied in the design led by humans: for example, the pavement stones on the roads are frequently organized in undulating or intertwined patterns to improve durability and wear resistance.